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The World Chess Federation, FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), awards several performance-based titles to chess players, up to and including the highly prized Grandmaster title. Titles generally require a combination of Elo rating and norms (performance benchmarks in competitions including other titled players). Once awarded, FIDE titles are held for life, though a title may be revoked in exceptional circumstances. Open titles may be earned by all players, whilst the women's titles are restricted to female players. A strong female player may have a title in both systems. A chess title, usually in an abbreviated form, may be used as an honorific. For example Viswanathan Anand may be styled as "GM Viswanathan Anand". == History == FIDE's first titles were awarded in 1950 and consisted of 27 Grandmasters (GMs), 94 International Masters, and 17 International Women Masters. FIDE's first GMs were: * Ossip Bernstein (France) * Isaac Boleslavsky (USSR) * Igor Bondarevsky (USSR) * Mikhail Botvinnik (USSR) * David Bronstein (USSR) * Oldřich Duras (Czechoslovakia) * Max Euwe (Netherlands) * Reuben Fine (USA) * Salo Flohr (USSR) * Ernst Gruenfeld (Austria) * Paul Keres (USSR) * Borislav Kostić (Yugoslavia) * Alexander Kotov (USSR) * Grigory Levenfish (USSR) * Andor Lilienthal (USSR) * Géza Maróczy (Hungary) * Jacques Mieses (England) * Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) * Viacheslav Ragozin (USSR) * Samuel Reshevsky (USA) * Akiba Rubinstein (Poland) * Friedrich Sämisch (West Germany) * Vasily Smyslov (USSR) * Gideon Ståhlberg (Sweden) * László Szabó (Hungary) * Savielly Tartakower (France) * Milan Vidmar (Yugoslavia) The standards for FIDE titles were not formally defined, and were decided by a committee. In 1957, FIDE introduced norms (qualifying standards) for FIDE titles. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「FIDE titles」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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